General Information of Drug Transporter (DT)
DT ID DTD0452 Transporter Info
Gene Name SLC6A2
Transporter Name Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
Gene ID
6530
UniProt ID
P23975
Exogenous factors (drugs, dietary constituents, etc.) Modulation of This DT (EGM)

Approved Drug

  Cocaine

           6 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Cocaine inhibits the transportation of Dopamine by SLC6A2 [1]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Dopamine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Monkey kidney tissue Fibroblast-like cell lines (COS)1-NET

  DT Modulation 2

Cocaine inhibits the transportation of Mazindol by SLC6A2 [2]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Mazindol Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 3

Cocaine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 [3]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 4

Cocaine inhibits the transportation of RTI-55 by SLC6A2 [2] , [4]

Affected Drug/Substrate

RTI-55 Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 5

Cocaine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [5] , [6]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 6

Cocaine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [1]

Cell System

Monkey kidney tissue Fibroblast-like cell lines (COS)1-NET

  Fluoxetine

           3 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Fluoxetine inhibits the transportation of Dopamine by SLC6A2 [7]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Dopamine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Monkey kidney tissue Fibroblast-like cell lines (COS)7-NET

  DT Modulation 2

Fluoxetine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 [3] , [8] , [9]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 3

Fluoxetine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [13] , [14]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Mazindol

           3 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Mazindol inhibits the transportation of Mazindol by SLC6A2 [2]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Mazindol Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 2

Mazindol inhibits the transportation of RTI-55 by SLC6A2 [2]

Affected Drug/Substrate

RTI-55 Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 3

Mazindol inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [5]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Desipramine

           3 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Desipramine inhibits the transportation of Nisoxetine by SLC6A2 [11]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Nisoxetine Modulation Type Inhibition

  DT Modulation 2

Desipramine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 [12]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

  DT Modulation 3

Desipramine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [15]

Cell System

Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells-NET

  Reboxetine

           2 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Reboxetine inhibits the transportation of Nisoxetine by SLC6A2 [18] , [19]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Nisoxetine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 2

Reboxetine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [23]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Duloxetine

           2 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Duloxetine inhibits the transportation of Nisoxetine by SLC6A2 [19]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Nisoxetine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 2

Duloxetine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [20] , [21] , [22]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Amitriptyline

           2 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Amitriptyline inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 [3]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 2

Amitriptyline inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [25] , [26]

  Venlafaxine

           2 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Venlafaxine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 [3] , [9]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 2

Venlafaxine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [22]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  4-Fluoroamphetamine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

4-Fluoroamphetamine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.2 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  4-Fluoromethamphetamine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

4-Fluoromethamphetamine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.22 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.02 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Amphetamine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Amphetamine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.07 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Ephedrine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Ephedrine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.32 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Methamphetamine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Methamphetamine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.14 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Citalopram

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Citalopram inhibits the transportation of Dopamine by SLC6A2 [7] , [27]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Dopamine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Monkey kidney tissue Fibroblast-like cell lines (COS)7-NET

  Dextroamphetamine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Dextroamphetamine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 [3]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Dopamine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Dopamine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [28]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Methylphenidate

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Methylphenidate inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [29]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Bupropion

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Bupropion inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [6]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Protriptyline

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Protriptyline inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [30]

Cell System

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-NET

  Desvenlafaxine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Desvenlafaxine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [22]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Norepinephrine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Norepinephrine inhibits the expression of SLC6A2 [32]

  Carmustine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Carmustine increases the expression of SLC6A2 [33]

  Copper Sulfate

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Copper Sulfate increases the expression of SLC6A2 [35]

  Zidovudine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Zidovudine increases the expression of SLC6A2 [36]

  Belinostat

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Belinostat increases the expression of SLC6A2 [37]

  Imipramine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Imipramine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [38] , [39]

  Atomoxetine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Atomoxetine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [40] , [41]

  Amfepramone

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Amfepramone inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [42] , [43]

  Sibutramine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Sibutramine modulates the activity of SLC6A2 [44]

  Tapentadol

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Tapentadol modulates the activity of SLC6A2 [45]

  Trimipramine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Trimipramine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [46]

  Acetaminophen

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Acetaminophen inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [47]

  Maprotiline

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Maprotiline inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [48]

  Amoxapine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Amoxapine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [49]

  Desvenalfaxine succinate

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Desvenalfaxine succinate inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [50]

  Levomilnacipran

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Levomilnacipran modulates the activity of SLC6A2 [51]

  Phenmetrazine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Phenmetrazine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [52]

  Milnacipran

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Milnacipran inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [53]

  Phentermine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Phentermine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [54]

  Iobenguane I-123

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Iobenguane I-123 inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [55]

  Paroxetine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Paroxetine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [56]

  Haloperidol

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Haloperidol inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [57]

  Clomipramine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Clomipramine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [58]

  Vorinostat

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Vorinostat induces the activity of SLC6A2 [59]

Drug Marketed but not Approved by US FDA

  Zinc Sulfate

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Zinc Sulfate increases the expression of SLC6A2 [34]

Drug in Phase 4 Trial

  Hypericum

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Hypericum inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [74]

Drug in Phase 3 Trial

  Vitamin E

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Vitamin E inhibits the expression of SLC6A2 [61]

  Triclosan

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Triclosan increases the expression of SLC6A2 [63]

  Bupropion + naltrexone

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Bupropion + naltrexone inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [67]

  Dasotraline

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Dasotraline inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [68]

  Roclatan

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Roclatan modulates the activity of SLC6A2 [69]

  Suronacrine maleate

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Suronacrine maleate modulates the activity of SLC6A2 [72]

  Bicifadine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Bicifadine modulates the activity of SLC6A2 [73]

  Amitifadine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Amitifadine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [75] , [76]

  BI 201335

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

BI 201335 inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [77]

Drug in Phase 2 Trial

  DOV 21947

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

DOV 21947 inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [70] , [71]

Drug in Phase 1 Trial

  CCRIS-9277

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

CCRIS-9277 inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [64]

  Sodium arsenite

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Sodium arsenite inhibits the expression of SLC6A2 [66]

Investigative Drug

  Nisoxetine

           3 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Nisoxetine inhibits the transportation of Dopamine by SLC6A2 [7]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Dopamine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Monkey kidney tissue Fibroblast-like cell lines (COS)7-NET

  DT Modulation 2

Nisoxetine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 [8] , [9] , [10]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 3

Nisoxetine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [16]

  Pyrovalerone

           2 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Pyrovalerone inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.05 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  DT Modulation 2

Pyrovalerone inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [24]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  3',4'-Methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MDPBP)

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

3',4'-Methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MDPBP) inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.16 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  3',4'-Methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP)

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

3',4'-Methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP) inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.97 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Methcathinone

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Methcathinone inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.12 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.04 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  R-Norduloxetine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

R-Norduloxetine inhibits the activity of SLC6A2 [31]

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

Drug Withdrawn

  Naphyrone

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Naphyrone inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 0.11 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

Natural Product

  4-Fluoroephedrine

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

4-Fluoroephedrine inhibits the transportation of Norepinephrine by SLC6A2 (IC50 = 4.5 microM) [17]

Affected Drug/Substrate

Norepinephrine Modulation Type Inhibition

Cell System

Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293)-NET

  Selenium nanoparticles

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Selenium nanoparticles inhibits the expression of SLC6A2 [61]

Acute Toxic Substance

  Antimycin A

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Antimycin A increases the expression of SLC6A2 [65]

Health and Environmental Toxicant

  1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium affects the expression of SLC6A2 [60]

  Lead

           1 DT Activity Modulations Related to This Exogenous Factor Click to Show/Hide the Full List

  DT Modulation 1

Lead inhibits the expression of SLC6A2 [62]
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19 Design and synthesis of morpholine derivatives. SAR for dual serotonin & noradrenaline reuptake inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Apr 15;18(8):2562-6.
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21 N-[(3S)-Pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamides as novel dual serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors: impact of small structural modifications on P-gp recognition and CNS penetration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Sep 1;19(17):5078-81.
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24 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2006 Feb 23;49(4):1420-32.
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26 A non-selective (amitriptyline), but not a selective (citalopram), serotonin reuptake inhibitor is effective in the prophylactic treatment of chronic tension-type headache. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;61(3):285-90.
27 A rhodamine-labeled citalopram analogue as a high-affinity fluorescent probe for the serotonin transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Jan 1;23(1):323-6.
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