Drug Transporter (DT) Information

General Information of DT
DT ID DTD0024
Gene Name SLC22A6
Protein Name Organic anion transporter 1
Gene ID
9356
UniProt ID
Q4U2R8
TCDB ID
2.A.1.19.31
3D Structure

Modelled DT Structure

Method: multi-sequence alignment based machine learning

Detail: Structure Info

Synonyms OAT1; PAH transporter; PAHT; ROAT1; Renal organic anion transporter 1; SLC22A6; Solute carrier family 22 member 6; hOAT1; hPAHT; hROAT1
DT Family Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS)
Organic Cation Transporter (OCT) Family
Tissue Specificity Strongly expressed in kidney and to a lowerextent in liver, skeletal muscle, brain and placenta. Found at thebasolateral membrane of the proximal tubule.
Function This transporter involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p-aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido-3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid. PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarate.
Disease(s) High blood pressure [ICD-11: BA00]
Human immunodeficiency virus infection [ICD-11: 1C62.Z]
Influenza virus [ICD-11: 1E30-1E32]
Leukemia [ICD-11: 2A60-2B33]
Sepsis [ICD-11: 1G40-1G41]
Hepatitis B virus infection [ICD-11: 1E51.0, 1E50.1]
Herpes simplex virus infection [ICD-11: 1F00]
Streptococcal pharyngitis [ICD-11: 1B51]
Methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus [ICD-11: 1B74.0]
Endogenous Substrate(s) Organic anions
Variability Data of This Drug Transporter (DT)

Regulatory Variability Data of This DT (VARIDT 3.0)

(α) Microbiota Influence of This DT
Microbiota Influence (MBI)

(β) Post-translational Modification of This DT
Post-translational Modification (PTM)

(γ) Transcriptional Regulation of This DT
Transcriptional Regulation (TSR)

(δ) Epigenetic Regulation of This DT
Epigenetic Regulation (EGR)

(ε) Exogenous Modulation of This DT
Exogenous Modulation (EGM)

Structural Variability Data of This DT (VARIDT 2.0)

(β) Inter-species Structural Differences
Inter-species Structural Differences (ISD)

General Variability Data of This DT (VARIDT 1.0)

(α) Genetic Polymorphisms of This DT
Genetic Polymorphisms of This DT (GPD)

(β) Disease-specific Protein Abundances of This DT
Disease-specific Protein Abundances of This DT (DPAD)

(γ) Species- and Tissue-specific DT Abundances
Species/Tissue-specific Protein Abundances of This DT (S/TPAD)
Molecular Transporting Profile of This DT

Full List of Drug(s) Transported by This DT

 Approved Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:          25 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Indication ICD 11 Ref
Acyclovir
 Approved Drug Info Shingles 1.00E+91 [1]
Adefovir
 Approved Drug Info Herpes simplex virus infection 1F00 [2]
Alprostadil
 Approved Drug Info Erectile dysfunction HA01 [3]
Amoxicillin
 Approved Drug Info Streptococcal pharyngitis 1B51 [4]
Cefaclor
 Approved Drug Info Gram-positive & negative bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [5]
Cefazolin
 Approved Drug Info Methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus 1B74.0 [6]
Ceftizoxime
 Approved Drug Info Gram-positive & negative bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [5]
Cidofovir
 Approved Drug Info Cytomegalovirus infections 1D82 [7]
Cilastatin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [8]
Dinoprostone
 Approved Drug Info Medical abortion JA00.1 [9]
Edaravone
 Approved Drug Info Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 8B60.0 [10]
Famotidine
 Approved Drug Info Peptic ulcer DA61 [11]
Fluorescein
 Approved Drug Info Ocular disease 9E1Z [12]
Furosemide
 Approved Drug Info Edema associated with congestive heart failure BD10 [13]
Ganciclovir
 Approved Drug Info Cytomegalovirus infections 1D82 [1]
Imipenem
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [8]
Meropenem
 Approved Drug Info Pneumonia CA40 [14]
Methotrexate
 Approved Drug Info Leukemia 2A60-2B33 [15]
Mycophenolic acid
 Approved Drug Info Organ transplant rejection NE84 [16]
Olmesartan medoxomil
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [17]
Oseltamivir
 Approved Drug Info Influenza virus 1E30-1E32 [5]
Tenofovir
 Approved Drug Info Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62.Z [18]
Trifluridine
 Approved Drug Info Herpes simplex virus infection 1F00 [19]
Zalcitabine
 Approved Drug Info Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62.Z [20]
Zidovudine
 Approved Drug Info Human immunodeficiency virus infection 1C62.Z [1]

 Clinical Trial Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:            2 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Indication ICD 11 Ref
Dimesna
 Phase 3 Drug Info Diabetic nephropathy GB61 [21]
Uric acid
 Phase 2/3 Drug Info Acute ischemic stroke 8B11 [22]

 Withdrawn, Discontinued or Preclinical Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:            2 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Indication ICD 11 Ref
Aminohippuric acid
 Withdrawn Drug Info Renal function tests MG02 [23]
Prostaglandin f2Alpha
 Preclinical Drug Info Solid tumours 2D4Z [9]

Endogenous Metabolites (EMs) Handled by This DT

 Endogenous Metabolites (EMs)

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of EMs:          32 EMs in Total
EM Name PubChem CID Detail Experimental Material Ref
2-hydroxy-3-methylvalerate
10796774
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
2-hydroxyisovalerate
99823
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
2-oxo-3-methylvalerate
47
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
3-hydroxybutyrate
3541112
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
3-hydroxyisobutyrate
87
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
3-hydroxypropionate
5459847
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
3-hydroxyvalerate
107802
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
3-methylcrotonylglycine
169485
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
4-hydroxyphenylacetate
127
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
4-hydroxyphenyllactate
9378
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
979
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
Alpha-ketoglutarate
164533
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
Benzoate
242
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
Creatinine
588
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [25]
Hexanoylglycine
99463
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
Indole lactic acid
53700591
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Indoxyl sulfate
10258
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Kynurenine
846
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Methionine
6137
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
N-acetylaspartate
65065
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
N-acetylglycine
10972
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
N2,N2-Dimethylguanosine
135501639
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Orotate
1492348
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
Pantothenic acid
6613
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Phenyl sulfate
18795569
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Phenylacetyl glycine
68144
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Propionylglycine
98681
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
Pyridoxic acid
6723
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Thymidine
5789
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Uracil
1174
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [24]
Urate
1175
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]
Xanthurenic acid
5699
EM Info Identified using Oat1 knockout mice [26]

Drug-DT Affinity Assessed by Cell Line

 Approved Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:          15 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Cell Line Affinity Ref
Acyclovir Approved Drug Info Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293)-OAT1 Km = 839 microM [27]
Acyclovir Approved Drug Info Proximal tubule (S2) cells-OAT1 Km = 342 microM [1]
Adefovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-OAT1 Km = 23.8 microM [2]
Adefovir Approved Drug Info Oocytes-OAT1 Km = 30 microM [28]
Cidofovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-OAT1 Km = 30 microM [29]
Cidofovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-OAT1 Km = 58 microM [2]
Cidofovir Approved Drug Info Oocytes-OAT1 Km = 46 microM [28]
Dinoprostone Approved Drug Info Proximal tubule (S2) cells-OAT1 Km = 0.97 microM [9]
Edaravone Approved Drug Info Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293)-OAT1 Km = 10.8 microM [10]
Ganciclovir Approved Drug Info Proximal tubule (S2) cells-OAT1 Km = 896 microM [1]
Methotrexate Approved Drug Info Oocytes-OAT1 Km = 724 microM [30]
Methotrexate Approved Drug Info Proximal tubule (S2) cells-OAT1 Km = 554 microM [31]
Olmesartan medoxomil Approved Drug Info Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293)-OAT1 Km = 0.0683 microM [17]
Tenofovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-OAT1 Km = 33.8 microM [18]
Zidovudine Approved Drug Info Proximal tubule (S2) cells-OAT1 Km = 45.9 microM [1]

 Clinical Trial Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:            3 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Cell Line Affinity Ref
Dimesna Phase 3 Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-OAT1 Km = 636 microM [21]
Uric acid Phase 2/3 Drug Info Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293)-OAT1 Km = 197.6 microM [22]
Uric acid Phase 2/3 Drug Info Proximal tubule (S2) cells-OAT1 Km = 947 microM [32]

 Withdrawn, Discontinued or Preclinical Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:          15 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Cell Line Affinity Ref
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-OAT1 Km = 15.4 microM [2]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-OAT1 Km = 5 microM [33]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293)-OAT1 Km = 20 microM [27]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293)-OAT1 Km = 28 microM [34]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells-OAT1 Km = 8.5 microM [35]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Monkey kidney fibroblast-like cell (COS)7-OAT1 Km = 8.9 microM [36]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info OK cells-OAT1 Km = 22 microM [37]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Oocytes-OAT1 Km = 3.9 microM [38]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Oocytes-OAT1 Km = 4 microM [28]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Oocytes-OAT1 Km = 9.3 microM [39]
Aminohippuric acid Withdrawn Drug Info Proximal tubule (S2) cells-OAT1 Km = 20.1 microM [40]
Prostaglandin f2Alpha Preclinical Drug Info Proximal tubule (S2) cells-OAT1 Km = 0.575 microM [9]
6-Carboxyfluorescein Investigative Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-OAT1 Km = 3.93 microM [41]
Glutarate Investigative Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-OAT1 Km = 10.7 microM [41]
Ochratoxin A Investigative Drug Info Proximal tubule (S2) cells-OAT1 Km = 0.42 microM [42]
References
1 Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24.
2 Cytotoxicity of antiviral nucleotides adefovir and cidofovir is induced by the expression of human renal organic anion transporter 1. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000 Mar;11(3):383-93.
3 Prostaglandin transporter (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1) contributes to local disposition of eicosapentaenoic acid-derived PGE3. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2016 Jan;122:10-7.
4 The anti-influenza drug oseltamivir exhibits low potential to induce pharmacokinetic drug interactions via renal secretion-correlation of in vivo and in vitro studies. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Jan;30(1):13-9.
5 FDA Drug Development and Drug Interactions
6 Expression levels of renal organic anion transporters (OATs) and their correlation with anionic drug excretion in patients with renal diseases. Pharm Res. 2004 Jan;21(1):61-7.
7 Renal transport of adefovir, cidofovir, and tenofovir by SLC22A family members (hOAT1, hOAT3, and hOCT2). Pharm Res. 2007 Apr;24(4):811-5.
8 Organic anion transporters also mediate the drug-drug interaction between imipenem and cilastatin. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2020 Mar;15(2):252-263.
9 Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal transport of prostaglandins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Apr;301(1):293-8.
10 Human organic anion transporters 1 (hOAT1/SLC22A6) and 3 (hOAT3/SLC22A8) transport edaravone (MCI-186; 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) and its sulfate conjugate. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Aug;35(8):1429-34.
11 Different transport properties between famotidine and cimetidine by human renal organic ion transporters (SLC22A). Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 25;503(1-3):25-30.
12 Apical expression or expression in a non polarized cell of hOAT1 inverses regulation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) as compared to basolateral hOAT1. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2004;14(3):177-86.
13 Interactions of human organic anion transporters with diuretics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Mar;308(3):1021-9.
14 Characterization of CS-023 (RO4908463), a novel parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, and meropenem as substrates of human renal transporters. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2007 Feb 25;22(1):41-7.
15 Transport of aminopterin by human organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3: Comparison with methotrexate. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2010;25(2):163-9.
16 Interaction and transport characteristics of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide via human organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jun 30;74(1):161-8.
17 Multiple human isoforms of drug transporters contribute to the hepatic and renal transport of olmesartan, a selective antagonist of the angiotensin II AT1-receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Dec;35(12):2166-76.
18 Human renal organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1) and its role in the nephrotoxicity of antiviral nucleotide analogs. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2001 Apr-Jul;20(4-7):641-8.
19 Rat multispecific organic anion transporter 1 (rOAT1) transports zidovudine, acyclovir, and other antiviral nucleoside analogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Sep;294(3):844-9.
20 Interaction of zalcitabine with human organic anion transporter 1. Pharmazie. 2006 May;61(5):491-2.
21 In vitro and in vivo assessment of renal drug transporters in the disposition of mesna and dimesna. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;52(4):530-42.
22 Involvement of uric acid transporters in alteration of serum uric acid level by angiotensin II receptor blockers. Pharm Res. 2008 Mar;25(3):639-46.
23 Interactions of human organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1) with substances associated with forensic toxicology. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2011 Jul;13(4):180-5.
24 Decreased renal organic anion secretion and plasma accumulation of endogenous organic anions in OAT1 knock-out mice. J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 24;281(8):5072-83.
25 A role for the organic anion transporter OAT3 in renal creatinine secretion in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012 May 15;302(10):F1293-9.
26 Untargeted metabolomics identifies enterobiome metabolites and putative uremic toxins as substrates of organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1). J Proteome Res. 2011 Jun 3;10(6):2842-51.
27 Expression of organic anion transporter 2 in the human kidney and its potential role in the tubular secretion of guanine-containing antiviral drugs. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 Mar;40(3):617-24.
28 The antiviral nucleotide analogs cidofovir and adefovir are novel substrates for human and rat renal organic anion transporter 1. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Sep;56(3):570-80.
29 Transport of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin by human organic anion transporter 3, organic anion transporting polypeptide 4C1, and multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 May;321(2):673-83.
30 Methotrexate-loxoprofen interaction: involvement of human organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2004 Oct;19(5):369-74.
31 Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71.
32 Urate transport via human PAH transporter hOAT1 and its gene structure. Kidney Int. 2003 Jan;63(1):143-55.
33 Cloning of the human kidney PAH transporter: narrow substrate specificity and regulation by protein kinase C. Am J Physiol. 1999 Feb;276(2):F295-303.
34 Human organic anion transporter hOAT3 is a potent transporter of cephalosporin antibiotics, in comparison with hOAT1. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Oct 1;70(7):1104-13.
35 Stoichiometry of organic anion/dicarboxylate exchange in membrane vesicles from rat renal cortex and hOAT1-expressing cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Oct;285(4):F775-83.
36 Interaction of cysteine conjugates with human and rabbit organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Feb;304(2):560-6.
37 Uraemic toxins induce proximal tubular injury via organic anion transporter 1-mediated uptake. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jan;135(2):555-63.
38 Interaction of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate with the human organic anion transporter hOAT1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Nov;299(2):741-7.
39 Molecular cloning and functional expression of a multispecific organic anion transporter from human kidney. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jan;276(1):F122-8.
40 Characterization of organic anion transport inhibitors using cells stably expressing human organic anion transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 May 11;419(2-3):113-20.
41 Fluorescence-based assay for the interaction of small molecules with the human renal organic anion transporter 1. Anal Biochem. 2000 Jul 15;283(1):49-55.
42 Characterization of ochratoxin A transport by human organic anion transporters. Life Sci. 2001 Sep 21;69(18):2123-35.

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