Detail Information of Transcriptional Regulations

General Information of Drug Transporter (DT)
DT ID DTD0004 Transporter Info
Gene Name ABCG2
Transporter Name Breast cancer resistance protein
Gene ID
9429
UniProt ID
Q9UNQ0

Transcriptional Regulation of This DT (TSR)

TF Superclass 1: Basic domains

      Class 1.1: Basic leucine zipper factors

Click to Show/Hide the Full List of 2 TF(s) Regulating This DT

        FOSL2 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Direct binding to ABCG2 gene [1]

TF Protein Name

 Fos-related antigen 2 Transcription Factor Info

Tissue

 Breast; Liver; Lung

Related DT Changes

 Direct regulating

Experiment method

 TF-transporter regulations were collected from ChIP-Seq datasets.

Detailed Description

 Fos-related antigen 2 (FOSL2) can directly bind to the ABCG2 gene, which in turn affects the expression or function of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        NFE2L2 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 3 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in non-small cell lung cancer condition [2]

TF Protein Name

 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Transcription Factor Info

Affected Drug/Substrate

 Mitoxantrone; Topotecan

Studied Phenotype

 Non-small cell lung cancer [ICD11: 2C25.Y]

Tissue

 Lung

Related DT Changes

 Up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549)

Detailed Description

 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2) has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in non-small cell lung cancer condition, which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 2

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in hepatoblastoma condition [3]

TF Protein Name

 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Hepatoblastoma [ICD11: 2C12.01]

Tissue

 Liver

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2)

Detailed Description

 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2), influenced by the exogenous bisphenol A, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in hepatoblastoma condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 3

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in health condition [4]

TF Protein Name

 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Heallth [ICD11: N.A]

Tissue

 Liver

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human fetal liver samples

Detailed Description

 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2), influenced by the exogenous bisphenol A, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in health condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

      Class 1.2: Basic helix-loop-helix factors

Click to Show/Hide the Full List of 2 TF(s) Regulating This DT

        AHR 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 3 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in colon cancer condition [5] , [6]

TF Protein Name

 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor Transcription Factor Info

Affected Drug/Substrate

 Mitoxantrone; Benzo[a]pyrene-3-sulfate

Studied Phenotype

 Colon cancer [ICD11: 2B90]

Tissue

 Colon

Related DT Changes

 Up regulating

Experimental Material

 C57BL/6N mice

Detailed Description

 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in colon cancer condition, which leads to an enhanced function of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 2

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in colon cancer condition [7]

TF Protein Name

 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Colon cancer [ICD11: 2B90]

Tissue

 Colon

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2)

Detailed Description

 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), influenced by the exogenous polychlorinated dibenzodioxin, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in colon cancer condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 3

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in health condition [8]

TF Protein Name

 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Heallth [ICD11: N.A]

Tissue

 Placenta

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human placental trophoblast cells (TR-S)

Detailed Description

 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), influenced by the exogenous polychlorinated dibenzodioxin, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in health condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        EPAS1 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in health condition [9]

TF Protein Name

 Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Heallth [ICD11: N.A]

Tissue

 Heart

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human cardiac side population cells

Detailed Description

 Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1), influenced by the exogenous hydrogen Peroxide, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in health condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

      Class 1.3: Basic helix-span-helix factors

Click to Show/Hide the Full List of 1 TF(s) Regulating This DT

        TFAP2A 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Direct binding to ABCG2 gene [10]

TF Protein Name

 Transcription factor AP-2-alpha Transcription Factor Info

Tissue

 Cervix

Related DT Changes

 Direct regulating

Experiment method

 TF-transporter regulations were collected from ChIP-Seq datasets.

Detailed Description

 Transcription factor AP-2-alpha (TFAP2A) can directly bind to the ABCG2 gene, which in turn affects the expression or function of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

TF Superclass 2: Zinc-coordinating DNA-binding domains

      Class 2.1: Nuclear receptors with C4 zinc fingers

Click to Show/Hide the Full List of 7 TF(s) Regulating This DT

        NR1H4 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in colorectal cancer condition [11]

TF Protein Name

 Bile acid receptor Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Colorectal cancer [ICD11: 2B91]

Tissue

 Colon

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (LS174T)

Detailed Description

 Bile acid receptor (NR1H4), influenced by the exogenous cisplatin, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in colorectal cancer condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        NR1I2 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 2 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in health condition [12]

TF Protein Name

 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Heallth [ICD11: N.A]

Tissue

 Liver

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human hepatocytes

Detailed Description

 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2), influenced by the exogenous rifampin, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in health condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 2

 Repression of ABCG2 gene in breast cancer condition [13]

TF Protein Name

 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 Transcription Factor Info

Affected Drug/Substrate

 Mitoxantrone

Studied Phenotype

 Breast cancer [ICD11: 2C60-2C6Z]

Tissue

 Breast

Related DT Changes

 Down regulating

Experimental Material

 Human invasive breast carcinoma of no special type cells (MCF-7)

Detailed Description

 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2) has been reported to repress the transcription of ABCG2 gene in breast cancer condition, which leads to a decreased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        NR1I3 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in health condition [14]

TF Protein Name

 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Heallth [ICD11: N.A]

Tissue

 Liver

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human hepatocytes

Detailed Description

 Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3), influenced by the exogenous phenobarbital, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in health condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        NR3C1 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 2 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in brain edema condition [15]

TF Protein Name

 Glucocorticoid receptor Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Brain edema [ICD11: 8D60.1]

Tissue

 Brain

Related DT Changes

 Up regulating

Experimental Material

 Sprague-Dawley rats

Detailed Description

 Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in brain edema condition, which leads to an enhanced function of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 2

 Repression of ABCG2 gene in breast cancer condition [13]

TF Protein Name

 Glucocorticoid receptor Transcription Factor Info

Affected Drug/Substrate

 Mitoxantrone

Studied Phenotype

 Breast cancer [ICD11: 2C60-2C6Z]

Tissue

 Breast

Related DT Changes

 Down regulating

Experimental Material

 Human invasive breast carcinoma of no special type cells (MCF-7)

Detailed Description

 Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) has been reported to repress the transcription of ABCG2 gene in breast cancer condition, which leads to a decreased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        PGR 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in breast cancer condition [13]

TF Protein Name

 Progesterone receptor Transcription Factor Info

Affected Drug/Substrate

 Mitoxantrone

Studied Phenotype

 Breast cancer [ICD11: 2C60-2C6Z]

Tissue

 Breast

Related DT Changes

 Up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human invasive breast carcinoma of no special type cells (MCF-7)

Detailed Description

 Progesterone receptor (PGR) has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in breast cancer condition, which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        PPARA 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in health condition [16]

TF Protein Name

 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Heallth [ICD11: N.A]

Tissue

 Intestine

Related DT Changes

 Up regulating

Experimental Material

 C57BL/6 mice

Detailed Description

 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in health condition, which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        PPARG 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 2 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in health condition [17]

TF Protein Name

 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma Transcription Factor Info

Affected Drug/Substrate

 Mitoxantrone

Studied Phenotype

 Heallth [ICD11: N.A]

Tissue

 Kidney

Related DT Changes

 Up regulating

Experimental Material

 Green monkey Kidney fibroblast-like cells (COS-1)

Detailed Description

 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in health condition, which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 2

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in colon cancer condition [18]

TF Protein Name

 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Colon cancer [ICD11: 2B90]

Tissue

 Colon

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2)

Detailed Description

 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), influenced by the exogenous troglitazone, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in colon cancer condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

      Class 2.3: C2H2 zinc finger factors

Click to Show/Hide the Full List of 2 TF(s) Regulating This DT

        MAZ 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Direct binding to ABCG2 gene [1]

TF Protein Name

 Myc-associated zinc finger protein Transcription Factor Info

Tissue

 Blood; Bone marrow; Lung

Related DT Changes

 Direct regulating

Experiment method

 TF-transporter regulations were collected from ChIP-Seq datasets.

Detailed Description

 Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) can directly bind to the ABCG2 gene, which in turn affects the expression or function of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        SP1 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in pancreatic cancer condition [19]

TF Protein Name

 Transcription factor Sp1 Transcription Factor Info

Affected Drug/Substrate

 Gemcitabine; 5-fluorouracil

Studied Phenotype

 Pancreatic cancer [ICD11: 2C10]

Tissue

 Pancreas

Related DT Changes

 Up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (ASPC-1)

Detailed Description

 Transcription factor Sp1 (SP1) has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in pancreatic cancer condition, which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

TF Superclass 3: Helix-turn-helix domains

      Class 3.1: Homeo domain factors

Click to Show/Hide the Full List of 1 TF(s) Regulating This DT

        MSX2 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in pancreatic cancer condition [19]

TF Protein Name

 Homeobox protein MSX-2 Transcription Factor Info

Affected Drug/Substrate

 Gemcitabine; 5-fluorouracil

Studied Phenotype

 Pancreatic cancer [ICD11: 2C10]

Tissue

 Pancreas

Related DT Changes

 Up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (ASPC-1)

Detailed Description

 Homeobox protein MSX-2 (MSX2) has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in pancreatic cancer condition, which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

      Class 3.5: Tryptophan cluster factors

Click to Show/Hide the Full List of 3 TF(s) Regulating This DT

        FLI1 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Direct binding to ABCG2 gene [20]

TF Protein Name

 Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor Transcription Factor Info

Tissue

 Blood; Mesenchymal; Vein

Related DT Changes

 Direct regulating

Experiment method

 TF-transporter regulations were collected from ChIP-Seq datasets.

Detailed Description

 Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1) can directly bind to the ABCG2 gene, which in turn affects the expression or function of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        GABPA 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Direct binding to ABCG2 gene [21]

TF Protein Name

 GA-binding protein alpha chain Transcription Factor Info

Tissue

 Blood; Liver; Lung; Mesenchymal

Related DT Changes

 Direct regulating

Experiment method

 TF-transporter regulations were collected from ChIP-Seq datasets.

Detailed Description

 GA-binding protein alpha chain (GABPA) can directly bind to the ABCG2 gene, which in turn affects the expression or function of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

        SPI1 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Direct binding to ABCG2 gene [10]

TF Protein Name

 Transcription factor PU.1 Transcription Factor Info

Tissue

 Adrenal gland; Blood; Brain; Breast; Embryo; Foreskin; Heart; Intestine; Kidney; Lung; Muscle; Penis; Placenta; Renal cortex; Renal pelvis; Skin; Spinal cord; Stomach; Testes; Umbilical cord blood

Related DT Changes

 Direct regulating

Experiment method

 TF-transporter regulations were collected from ChIP-Seq datasets.

Detailed Description

 Transcription factor PU.1 (SPI1) can directly bind to the ABCG2 gene, which in turn affects the expression or function of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

TF Superclass 6: Immunoglobulin fold

      Class 6.1: Rel homology region factors

Click to Show/Hide the Full List of 1 TF(s) Regulating This DT

        NFKB1 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in lung adenocarcinoma condition [22]

TF Protein Name

 Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit Transcription Factor Info

Studied Phenotype

 Lung adenocarcinoma [ICD11: 2C25.0]

Tissue

 Lung

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549)

Detailed Description

 Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (NFKB1), influenced by the exogenous arsenic trioxide, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in lung adenocarcinoma condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.

      Class 6.2: STAT domain factors

Click to Show/Hide the Full List of 1 TF(s) Regulating This DT

        STAT3 

Click to Show/Hide to Show 1 Transcriptional Phenomena      

       Transcriptional Phenomenon 1

 Activation of ABCG2 gene in epithelial ovarian cancer condition [23]

TF Protein Name

 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Transcription Factor Info

Affected Drug/Substrate

 Doxorubicin

Studied Phenotype

 Epithelial ovarian cancer [2B5D.0]

Tissue

 Ovary

Related DT Changes

 up regulating

Experimental Material

 Human doxorubicin-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer cells (A2780-R)

Detailed Description

 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), influenced by the exogenous paclitaxel, has been reported to activate the transcription of ABCG2 gene in epithelial ovarian cancer condition , which leads to an increased expression of the drug transporter Breast cancer resistance protein.
References
1 NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets--update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Jan;41(D1):D991-5.
2 Expression of ABCG2 (BCRP) is regulated by Nrf2 in cancer cells that confers side population and chemoresistance phenotype. Mol Cancer Ther. 2010 Aug;9(8):2365-76.
3 Nrf2-dependent and -independent induction of ABC transporters ABCC1, ABCC2, and ABCG2 in HepG2 cells under oxidative stress. J Exp Ther Oncol. 2007;6(4):335-48.
4 Correlation between Conjugated Bisphenol A Concentrations and Efflux Transporter Expression in Human Fetal Livers. Drug Metab Dispos. 2016 Jul;44(7):1061-5.; 2016 Jul;44(7):1061-5.
5 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a transcriptional activator of the human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2). Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Aug;78(2):175-85.
6 Identification of BCRP as transporter of benzo[a]pyrene conjugates metabolically formed in Caco-2 cells and its induction by Ah-receptor agonists. Carcinogenesis. 2005 Oct;26(10):1754-63.
7 Phytochemicals induce breast cancer resistance protein in Caco-2 cells and enhance the transport of benzo[a]pyrene-3-sulfate. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Apr;96(2):227-36.
8 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator expression in human and rat placentas and transcription activity in human trophoblast cultures. Toxicol Sci. 2011 Sep;123(1):26-36.; 2011 Sep;123(1):26-36.
9 Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha transactivates Abcg2 and promotes cytoprotection in cardiac side population cells. Circ Res. 2008 May 9;102(9):1075-81.; 2008 May 9;102(9):1075-81.
10 hTFtarget: A Comprehensive Database for Regulations of Human Transcription Factors and Their Targets. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2020 Apr;18(2):120-239. (ID:ENSG00000118777)
11 Cisplatin-induced chemoresistance in colon cancer cells involves FXR-dependent and FXR-independent up-regulation of ABC proteins. Mol Pharm. 2012 Sep 4;9(9):2565-76.
12 Differential regulation of sinusoidal and canalicular hepatic drug transporter expression by xenobiotics activating drug-sensing receptors in primary human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Oct;34(10):1756-63.
13 Dexamethasone down-regulates ABCG2 expression levels in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Oct 24;375(3):308-14.
14 Transactivation of ABCG2 through a novel cis-element in the distal promoter by constitutive androstane receptor but not pregnane X receptor in human hepatocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Jan 15;517(2):123-30.
15 Dexamethasone increases expression and activity of multidrug resistance transporters at the rat blood-brain barrier. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008 Aug;295(2):C440-50.
16 PPARalpha agonists positively and negatively regulate the expression of several nutrient/drug transporters in mouse small intestine. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Nov;30(11):2185-90.
17 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-regulated ABCG2 expression confers cytoprotection to human dendritic cells. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 18;281(33):23812-23.
18 Short-chain fatty acids exert opposite effects on the expression and function of p-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein in rat intestine. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2021 Mar;42(3):470-481.; 2021 Mar;42(3):470-481.
19 The homeobox gene MSX2 determines chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells via the regulation of transporter gene ABCG2. J Cell Physiol. 2012 Feb;227(2):729-38.
20 Closure of the NCBI SRA and implications for the long-term future of genomics data storage. Genome Biol. 2011;12(3):402.
21 The Encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE): data portal update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D794-D801
22 Regulation of ABCG2 by nuclear factor kappa B affects the sensitivity of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells to arsenic trioxide. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Jan;57:141-150.; 2018 Jan;57:141-150.
23 CD109 Promotes Drug Resistance in A2780 Ovarian Cancer Cells by Regulating the STAT3-NOTCH1 Signaling Axis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jun 18;24(12):10306.; 2023 Jun 18;24(12):10306.

If you find any error in data or bug in web service, please kindly report it to Dr. Yin and Dr. Li.