Drug Transporter (DT) Information

General Information of DT
DT ID DTD0021
Gene Name SLC15A1
Protein Name Peptide transporter 1
Gene ID
6564
UniProt ID
P46059
TCDB ID
2.A.17.4.9
3D Structure

Modelled DT Structure

Method: homology modeling

Template PDB: 6EI3_A; 5A9D_A; 2XUT_A

Identity: 54.386% ; 67.021% ; 29.858%

Minimized Score: -1281.941 kcal/mol

Detail: Structure Info

Synonyms HPECT1; HPEPT1; Intestinal H(+)/peptide cotransporter; Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform; PEPT1; SLC15A1; Solute carrier family 15 member 1
DT Family Proton-Dependent Oligopeptide Transporter (POT/PTR) Family ;
Function This tranporter mediates intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides and may constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products.
Disease(s) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ICD-11: 6A05]
Cytomegalovirus infections [ICD-11: 1D82]
High blood pressure [ICD-11: BA00]
Influenza virus [ICD-11: 1E30-1E32]
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma [ICD-11: 2A90.C]
Chronic bronchitis [ICD-11: CA20.1]
Streptococcal pharyngitis [ICD-11: 1B51]
Shingles [ICD-11: 1.00E+91]
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections [ICD-11: CA40.0Y]
Endogenous Substrate(s) H+
Variability Data of This Drug Transporter (DT)

Regulatory Variability Data of This DT (VARIDT 3.0)

(α) Microbiota Influence of This DT
Microbiota Influence (MBI)

(β) Post-translational Modification of This DT
Post-translational Modification (PTM)

(γ) Transcriptional Regulation of This DT
Transcriptional Regulation (TSR)

(δ) Epigenetic Regulation of This DT
Epigenetic Regulation (EGR)

(ε) Exogenous Modulation of This DT
Exogenous Modulation (EGM)

Structural Variability Data of This DT (VARIDT 2.0)

(β) Inter-species Structural Differences
Inter-species Structural Differences (ISD)

(δ) Xenobiotics-regulated Structural Variability
Xenobiotics-regulated Structural Variability (XSV)

General Variability Data of This DT (VARIDT 1.0)

(β) Disease-specific Protein Abundances of This DT
Disease-specific Protein Abundances of This DT (DPAD)

(γ) Species- and Tissue-specific DT Abundances
Species/Tissue-specific Protein Abundances of This DT (S/TPAD)
Molecular Transporting Profile of This DT

Full List of Drug(s) Transported by This DT

 Approved Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:          52 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Indication ICD 11 Ref
Aminolevulinic acid
 Approved Drug Info Photodynamic therapy EK90.0 [1]
Amoxicillin
 Approved Drug Info Streptococcal pharyngitis 1B51 [2]
Ampicillin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [3]
Benazepril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Bestatin
 Approved Drug Info Acute myeloid leukemia 2A60 [5]
Captopril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [6]
Cefaclor
 Approved Drug Info Gram-positive & negative bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [7]
Cefadroxil
 Approved Drug Info Gram-positive & negative bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [8]
Cefamandole
 Approved Drug Info Infections by susceptible microorganisms 1H0Z [9]
Cefazolin
 Approved Drug Info Methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus 1B74.0 [10]
Cefdinir
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [11]
Cefixime
 Approved Drug Info Streptococcus bacterial infections 1C41 [12]
Cefmetazole
 Approved Drug Info Urinary tract and skin bacteria infections GC08 [9]
Cefoxitin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [10]
Cefpodoxime
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [10]
Cefsulodin
 Approved Drug Info Pseudomonas infection CA40.05, KB24 [9]
Ceftibuten
 Approved Drug Info Chronic bronchitis CA20.1 [13]
Ceftriaxone
 Approved Drug Info Pneumonia CA40 [9]
Cefuroxime axetil
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [9]
Cephalexin
 Approved Drug Info Gram-positive bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [14]
Cephaloglycin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [15]
Cephradine
 Approved Drug Info Streptococcus pneumoniae infections CA40.0Y [16]
Cyclacillin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [17]
Dexamethasone
 Approved Drug Info Rheumatoid arthritis FA20 [18]
Dicloxacillin
 Approved Drug Info Susceptible gram-positive bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [17]
Enalapril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [19]
Enalaprilat
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [20]
Eprosartan
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [8]
Flucloxacillin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [10]
Fosinopril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Furosemide
 Approved Drug Info Edema associated with congestive heart failure BD10 [18]
Irbesartan
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [8]
Lisdexamfetamine
 Approved Drug Info Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05 [21]
Lisinopril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [18]
Losartan
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [8]
Metoprolol
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [18]
Midodrine
 Approved Drug Info Prostate hyperplasia GA90 [17]
Moexipril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Oseltamivir
 Approved Drug Info Influenza virus 1E30-1E32 [22]
Perindopril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Piperacillin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [10]
Ramipril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Ribavirin
 Approved Drug Info Hepatitis C virus infection 1E50.2, 1E51.1 [23]
Spirapril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Sulfasalazine
 Approved Drug Info Rheumatoid arthritis FA20 [18]
Sulpiride
 Approved Drug Info Schizophrenia 6A20 [24]
Temocapril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [25]
Temocaprilate
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [20]
Trandolapril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Valacyclovir
 Approved Drug Info Shingles 1.00E+91 [26]
Valganciclovir
 Approved Drug Info Cytomegalovirus infections 1D82 [27]
Valsartan
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [8]

 Clinical Trial Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:            3 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Indication ICD 11 Ref
Benzylpenicillin
 Phase 4 Drug Info Gram-positive bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [28]
N-acetylaspartylglutamate
 Phase 4 Drug Info Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis 9A60.5 [29]
Carnosine
 Phase 2/3 Drug Info Schizophrenia 6A20 [30]

 Withdrawn, Discontinued or Preclinical Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:            4 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Indication ICD 11 Ref
Cephaloridine
 Withdrawn Drug Info Urinary tract infections GC08 [9]
Ceronapril
 Discontinued in Phase 2 Drug Info Major depressive disorder 6A70.3 [15]
Metampicillin
 Preclinical Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [17]
QSP
 Preclinical Drug Info Acetabular fracture NB52.13 [31]

Drug-DT Affinity Assessed by Cell Line

 Approved Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:          19 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Cell Line Affinity Ref
Aminolevulinic acid Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km = 394 microM [32]
Aminolevulinic acid Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km = 1600 microM [1]
Bestatin Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km = 340 microM [5]
Cefadroxil Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km = 7.97 microM [8]
Cephalexin Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km = 7.97 microM [33]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km = 8590 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km = 6540 microM [22]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km = 1640 microM [34]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km = 2200 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km = 2700 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km = 5400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km = 6600 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km = 7400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km = 2.2 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km = 7.4 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km = 292 microM [37]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells-PEPT1 Km = 3.8 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km = 5940 microM [38]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Xenopus oocytes-PEPT1 Km = 5.9 microM [36]
References
1 Transport of the photodynamic therapy agent 5-aminolevulinic acid by distinct H+-coupled nutrient carriers coexpressed in the small intestine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jan;332(1):220-8.
2 Interactions of amoxicillin and cefaclor with human renal organic anion and peptide transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Apr;34(4):547-55.
3 Several hPepT1-transported drugs are substrates of the Escherichia coli proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter YdgR. Res Microbiol. 2017 Jun;168(5):443-449.
4 Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41.
5 Dipeptide transporters in apical and basolateral membranes of the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Am J Physiol. 1993 Aug;265(2 Pt 1):G289-94.
6 Membrane transporters in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 Mar;9(3):215-36.
7 Protein hydrolysate-induced cholecystokinin secretion from enteroendocrine cells is indirectly mediated by the intestinal oligopeptide transporter PepT1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011 May;300(5):G895-902.
8 High-affinity interaction of sartans with H+/peptide transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):143-9.
9 Intestinal transport of beta-lactam antibiotics: analysis of the affinity at the H+/peptide symporter (PEPT1), the uptake into Caco-2 cell monolayers and the transepithelial flux. Pharm Res. 1999 Jan;16(1):55-61.
10 Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1. J Med Chem. 2005 Jun 30;48(13):4410-9.
11 Transporter-mediated drug delivery: recent progress and experimental approaches. Drug Discov Today. 2004 Aug 15;9(16):712-20.
12 Flavonoids with epidermal growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity stimulate PEPT1-mediated cefixime uptake into human intestinal epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Oct;299(1):351-7.
13 Increased protein level of PEPT1 intestinal H+-peptide cotransporter upregulates absorption of glycylsarcosine and ceftibuten in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005 Apr;288(4):G664-70.
14 Direct evidence for efficient transport and minimal metabolism of L-cephalexin by oligopeptide transporter 1 in budded baculovirus fraction. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009 Aug;32(8):1459-61.
15 Pharmaceutical and pharmacological importance of peptide transporters. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 May;60(5):543-85.
16 Recognition of beta-lactam antibiotics by rat peptide transporters, PEPT1 and PEPT2, in LLC-PK1 cells. Am J Physiol. 1997 Nov;273(5 Pt 2):F706-11.
17 Transport characteristics of a novel peptide transporter 1 substrate, antihypotensive drug midodrine, and its amino acid derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jul;318(1):455-60.
18 Peptide transporter substrate identification during permeability screening in drug discovery: comparison of transfected MDCK-hPepT1 cells to Caco-2 cells. Arch Pharm Res. 2007 Apr;30(4):507-18.
19 The intestinal H+/peptide symporter PEPT1: structure-affinity relationships. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Jan;21(1):53-60.
20 Transporter-mediated Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2002;17(4):253-74.
21 Absorption of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its enzymatic conversion to d-amphetamine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010 Jun 24;6:317-27.
22 Oseltamivir (tamiflu) is a substrate of peptide transporter 1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Aug;37(8):1676-81.
23 Transport of levovirin prodrugs in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. J Pharm Sci. 2006 Jun;95(6):1318-25.
24 Studies on intestinal absorption of sulpiride (2): transepithelial transport of sulpiride across the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Oct;25(10):1345-50.
25 The role of transporters in drug interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006 Apr;27(5):501-17.
26 Valacyclovir: a substrate for the intestinal and renal peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 19;246(2):470-5.
27 Transport of valganciclovir, a ganciclovir prodrug, via peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. J Pharm Sci. 2000 Jun;89(6):781-9.
28 Drug transport in corneal epithelium and blood-retina barrier: emerging role of transporters in ocular pharmacokinetics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006 Nov 15;58(11):1136-63.
29 Molecular interactions between dipeptides, drugs and the human intestinal H+ -oligopeptide cotransporter hPEPT1. J Physiol. 2006 Jul 1;574(Pt 1):149-66.
30 Transforming dietary peptides in promising lead compounds: the case of bioavailable carnosine analogs. Amino Acids. 2012 Jul;43(1):111-26.
31 Tripeptides of RS1 (RSC1A1) inhibit a monosaccharide-dependent exocytotic pathway of Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 with high affinity. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 28;282(39):28501-13.
32 Delta-aminolevulinic acid transport by intestinal and renal peptide transporters and its physiological and clinical implications. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jun 15;101(12):2761-7.
33 Effects of progesterone and norethisterone on cephalexin uptake in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Apr;27(4):559-63.
34 Interactions of a nonpeptidic drug, valacyclovir, with the human intestinal peptide transporter (hPEPT1) expressed in a mammalian cell line. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Apr;289(1):448-54.
35 Effect of ionization on the variable uptake of valacyclovir via the human intestinal peptide transporter (hPepT1) in CHO cells. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2000 Jul;21(5):165-74.
36 Significance of peptide transporter 1 in the intestinal permeability of valacyclovir in wild-type and PepT1 knockout mice. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Mar;41(3):608-14.
37 5'-Amino acid esters of antiviral nucleosides, acyclovir, and AZT are absorbed by the intestinal PEPT1 peptide transporter. Pharm Res. 1998 Aug;15(8):1154-9.
38 Direct evidence for peptide transporter (PepT1)-mediated uptake of a nonpeptide prodrug, valacyclovir. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Sep 18;250(2):246-51.

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